Comparison of Non-Human Primate and Human Whole Blood Tissue Gene Expression Profiles

Gene expression profiling is an important tool for developing chemical weapons (CWA) medical strategies. Nonhuman primates (NHP), especially macaca mulatta, macaca fascicularis and Chlorocebus aethiops, are important models for the onset, treatment and diagnosis of CWA. However, the gene expression profiles of these NHPs are complicated by the fact that their genome has not been completely sequenced and that no commercially available oligonucleotide microarrays (gene chips) are present. Therefore, we sought to determine if human gene chips could be used for NHP gene expression profiling. Whole blood RNA is isolated from various species and used to generate gene chip probes. The NHP sample hybridized with the human gene chip (Affymetrix Human U133 Plus 0) produced a significant amount of transcript compared to the human sample. Statistical analysis revealed intra-species reproducibility of the gene chip quality control index; interspecific comparison between NHP and humans shows little or no difference in the quality and reproducibility of data generated using human gene chips . Various expression profiles were compared using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering to determine similarity of intraspecific and interspecific expression profiles. The cynomolgus monkey group showed the smallest intraspecific variation, and the human group showed the largest intraspecific variation. Intraspecific comparison of expression profiles identified reproducible probe sets within each species. Each NHP species was found to be different from humans; cynomolgus monkeys had the greatest number of individuals. Species comparison of expression profiles revealed a set of reproducible probes in all species examined. These results show that human gene chips can be used for expression profiling of NHP samples and provide a basis for developing tools for comparing gene expression profiles of humans and NHPs.

Gene expression can be determined by the presence of mRNA that can be transcribed into a protein. Microarrays can simultaneously detect the expression of many genes. Gene expression is dependent on the tissue being sampled and brain tissue is required, making this method difficult for human studies. However, gene expression profiles have been widely used in mice. Many scientists use psychometric methods to define g (general cognitive ability), but there is no scientific precision in the definition of intelligence yet. Whether it is nature or cultivation, it is still a matter of discussion between geneticists and environmentalists, and it is around 50/50. Intelligence seems to be partially controlled by the quantitative trait locus (QTL). Multigene systems like intelligence lead to dimensions (quantitative properties) rather than obstacles (qualitative dichotomy)

Gene expression profiling is an important tool for developing chemical weapons (CWA) medical strategies. Nonhuman primates (NHP), especially macaca mulatta, macaca fascicularis and Chlorocebus aethiops, are important models for the onset, treatment and diagnosis of CWA. However, the gene expression profiles of these NHPs are complicated by the fact that their genome has not been completely sequenced and that no commercially available oligonucleotide microarrays (gene chips) are present. Therefore, we sought to determine if human gene chips could be used for NHP gene expression profiling. Whole blood RNA is isolated from various species and used to generate gene chip probes. Hybridization of NHP samples to human gene chips (Affymetrix Human U133 Plus 2.0) compared to human samples, the number of transcripts detected is comparable.