Collective bargaining

Collective bargaining, an ongoing negotiation process between workers and employer representatives to determine working conditions. The agreements determined at once can cover not only wages but also hiring practices, temporary dismissal, promotion, duties, working conditions and hours of work, worker discipline and dismissal, and welfare benefits.

In Britain collective bargaining took place by the end of the 18th century, then its development was done in continental Europe and the USA, Samuel Gops developed general usage under the guidance of the American Labor Federation. Collective agreements may not be the most important in developing countries with large labor force

The degree of concentration on the negotiation process and the functions performed by collective agreements vary. Contract negotiation may be done at the country, region, or regional level according to the industrial structure of the country. Citizens' agreements that are more common in smaller countries usually deal with common problems and leave more detailed questions for local consideration. For example, you can set the actual wage rate in a contract, or you can decide the minimum wage rate.

Collective collective agreements are not legally binding in all countries. In the UK, their application depends on the goodwill of the signatory. In some countries, such as Germany, France, Australia, the government may require that negotiating conditions be expanded to all companies within the industry. In the United States, labor unions targeting employers in certain industries have achieved similar results, although not officially. Negotiate a new agreement with the target employer, and set the pattern of other labor contracts in the same industry

Collective bargaining is being carried out in the US with labor union leaders and corporate managers hiring union workers. The result of collective bargaining is known as collective bargaining agreement, which sets a certain number of employment rules. Partners pay fees for such representatives in the form of association fees. If the parties encounter difficulties reaching an agreement, the collective bargaining process may involve an alleged labor strike or an employee's detention

As a last resort, most strikes are held by trade unions during collective bargaining. The purpose of collective bargaining is to allow employers and labor unions to agree on wages, allowances and working conditions. The collective bargaining agreement may include clauses prohibiting trade union strikes during the contract period, known as "prohibition of strike clauses". After the Second World War, the United States appeared immediately without a strike clause. Some labor movements think that the strike does not unnecessarily damage unions in the process of collective bargaining.

Collective bargaining is a basic right. It is rooted in the ILO Constitution and has been reconfirmed in the 1998 ILO Basic Principles and Declaration on Labor Rights. Collective bargaining is an important means for employers and their organizations and labor unions to establish fair wages and working conditions. It also provides a foundation for good industrial relations. Typical issues of negotiation agenda include wages, hours of work, training, occupational health and safety, and equal treatment. The purpose of these negotiations is to conclude collective agreements that determine employment conditions. Collective agreements can also tackle the rights and responsibilities of all parties to ensure harmonious and productive industries and workplaces. Strengthening the comprehensiveness of collective bargaining and group collective agreements is an important means to reduce inequality and expand labor protection.