Cigarette Smoking Effects on Prenatal Development

This is important, if the head does not expand, it will prevent the brain from growing normally. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies can show the size of the brain; the smaller the cerebral capacity, the more likely the child will have cognitive and behavioral problems in the future (Roza et al ., 2007, p. 616). Prenatal central nervous system injury, secondary to mothers smoking, has a profound effect on the ability of neonatal sputum and syllables to form (Key, et al., 2007).

As of 2015, long-term problems of electronic cigarettes for mothers and fetuses are not clear. Prenatal exposure to nicotine is associated with the adverse effects of fetal growth, including effects on endocrine, reproductive, respiratory, cardiovascular and normal nervous system growth. Prenatal exposure to nicotine is associated with lower birth weights, births, sudden infant death syndrome, and normal brain development changes compared to other infants. Prenatal exposure to nicotine is related to asthma and wheezing and may persist through adulthood. Nicotine exposure during pregnancy is associated with many neurological disorders. Prenatal exposure is associated with minors' obesity, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and hypertension. Exposure of women to prenatal nicotine can lead to menarche. For the use of pregnant electronic cigarettes, babies are born with necrotizing enteritis

Prenatal and postnatal secondhand smoke exposure is a risk factor for early asthma in subjects hospitalized for early wheezing. The association between prenatal exposure to smog and asthma seems to be mediated through the onset of bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Exposure to infant smoke is associated with an increased risk of active smoking in the first half of adults, which in turn is related to current asthma 28 US Department of Health and Human Services. Health effects due to unintentional exposure to cigarette smoke: Report from surgeon. Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Preventive Health Promotion of National Chronic Disease, Smoking and Health Center, 2006