Categories for The MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

In CSMA / CA, if the station wishes to send a frame it will detect the media. If it is found that the channel is idle beyond the DIFS (DCF interframe space) duration, the frame can be sent, otherwise it must be delayed. If multiple stations compete for that channel, conflicts will occur. In order to avoid this conflict, DCF uses a random backoff algorithm. Here, each station has to wait for an additional period called random backoff time to access the channel. The length of the backoff time is determined by the following formula. Backoff time = random () * 1 slot time.

MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks can be roughly divided into two categories: contention based and scheduling based. Scheduling - based protocols can avoid conflicts, listening, and idle snooping by scheduling transmission and listening under strict time synchronization requirements. Contention-based protocols relax the requirement for time synchronization, and as new nodes join the network or expire after deployment, they can easily adapt to topology changes. They are based on carrier sense multiple access technology and cost higher for message collision, eavesdropping, and idle listening. A considerable number of MAC protocols are implemented in various applications of WSN. Each protocol uses different technologies and leads to energy efficiency. The remainder of this section is introduced in the next section.

In a wireless sensor network, the communication part consumes most energy. This is the main optimization goal of the MAC protocol. The MAC protocol directly controls the communication module and saves energy. The main reasons for energy consumption of wireless sensor networks are conflicts, accidental hearing, packet overhead control, and idle listening. A collision occurs when the transmitted data packet is corrupted due to interference and must be sent again. Collisions also increase latency. I inadvertently heard that the node is occupying packets of other nodes. Control packets used in the wireless sensor network include Transmission Ready (RTS), Transmission Ready (CTS), and Acknowledgment (ACK). The transmission of these packets results in energy consumption, so a minimum number of control packets should be used for data transmission. Idle listening is one of the main causes of energy consumption

Recent advances in wireless sensor networks have generated a number of new protocols specifically designed for different applications, where energy efficiency is a major consideration. Traffic-adaptive media access protocol (TRAMA) was introduced for energy-efficient and collision-free channel access in wireless sensor networks. TRAMA reduces power consumption by avoiding collision of transmitted packets and allows the node to switch low power mode when not in transmit mode and receive mode. This article describes TRAMA operation, related applications developed based on the TRAMA protocol, and their advantages and disadvantages.