Caluclating Major and Minor Head Losses

Introduction In this project, we calculate primary and secondary losses. In the first experiment, we used elbows to investigate slight head losses in pipes of different diameters and roughness. In the experiment, you get two different pressures at points 1 and 2, acquire the differential pressure so you can calculate friction with Darcie's hydraulic head loss formula. However, in the second experiment, the goal was to calculate the main loss of laminar flow and turbulence.

hL = hL - major + hL - minor The head loss name of "main" and "small" does not necessarily reflect the relative importance of each type of loss. In plumbing systems that include many parts and relatively short piping, a small loss may actually be greater than a large loss. FIG. 3 shows water flowing constantly at a rate of 6 × 10 -4 m 3 / s with the 2.5 cm diameter galvanized iron pipe system shown in FIG. 3. Your boss thinks that the friction loss of the straight pipe section is negligible compared to the system's threaded elbow and fitting loss. Are you for or against the boss? Support your answer with appropriate calculations

The actual piping system is mainly composed of straight pipes. Additional parts (valves, tees, bends) increase system-wide losses. These are called minor losses. In the case of very long pipes, these losses are normally negligible compared to the fluid friction of the length considered. However, in the case of short tubes, these small losses can in fact be large losses, such as pump suction tubes with filters and bottom valves. These losses usually represent additional energy dissipation in the flow caused by secondary flow caused by curvature or recirculation.

In this experiment the theory and principle used was energy loss due to actual or viscous fluid frictional resistance and total head pressure of the fluid. In fully developed straight tube flow, energy loss or head loss occurs due to wall friction. These losses are often called large losses (hLmajor). Next, in order to determine the coefficient of friction of laminar flow, it is a function of the Reynolds number, using the equation f = for the turbulent region, f is the Reynolds number and relative roughness (/ D Or k / D) functions. It can be determined from the history of Moody Chart and Table 1 (Munson et al., 2006)

The primary loss (hf) is energy (or head) loss (unit of length - energy per unit fluid weight) due to friction between moving fluid and the pipe. Also called friction loss. The Darcy-Weisbach method is generally thought to be more accurate than the Hazen-Williams method. In addition, the Darcy-Weisbach method is suitable for all liquids and gases; Hazen-Williams is only suitable for room temperature (40-75 oF) water. The Hazen-Williams law is very popular especially among civil engineers. Because its coefficient of friction (C) is not a function of speed or tube diameter. Hazen-Williams is simpler than Darcy-Weisbach and is used to calculate flow, velocity and diameter. Further discussion and references