Biological Molecules

• Glucose and Fructose = "Reduce sugar" - You can get electrons from copper in Benedict Reagent

• H0: If monosaccharides are not contained in the solution, the copper in the reagent is not reduced by the sugar ketone or aldehyde group, so the Benedict addition reagent does not change (maintaining the blue color).

• Ha: When monosaccharides are contained in the solution, the solution of the sugar ketone and aldehyde group reduces copper from Cu 2+ to Cu + (reddish orange), so when adding Benedict, the solution turns orange red.

Control Negative Control - does not include the variable being searched. Expect negative results; show negative results

Control positive control - Contains variables you are testing; Positive reaction indicating that the test can detect your expectations

• Amino acid chain • Peptide bond (C - N) • Protein = long chain amino acid

• Biuret reagent: CuSO 4 (copper sulfate) • Cu 2+ forms a complex with peptide bonds. • The complex is purple. • Amino acids in solution are purple.

• Step 1 - Benedict reduction sugar test • Step 2 - starch iodine test • step 3 - protein biuret test • step 4 - solubility in polar and nonpolar solvent • step 6 - unknown test

• Principle of absorbing light of unique wavelengths based on different atoms, molecules or chemical bonds respectively

• Each chemical has its own wavelength pattern or "fingerprint" absorption or reflection

• Compare the amount of light coming out of the tube with the amount of light input and calculate the transmittance.

Absorbance = light amount held by sample = light amount passing through sample

• Step 2 - Create a calibration curve for methylene blue • Hint: peak absorbance of methylene blue = 610 nm

• Procedure 1 - reducing sugar test of Benedict • step 2 - starch iodine test • step 3 - protein biuret test • step 4 - solubility in polar and non polar solvents • Table 6 - unknown test (if available) Pour into a sink, rinse the tube and put it in a rack through sink.

• Step 2 - Create a calibration curve for methylene blue • Hint: peak absorbance of methylene blue = 610 nm

A biomolecule or biomolecule is a loose term for molecules and ions present in vivo that are essential for some typical biological processes such as cell division, morphogenesis or development. Biomolecules include large macromolecules (or polyanions) such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids, and small molecules such as primary metabolites, secondary metabolites and natural products. A more common name for such materials is biomaterials. Biomolecules are usually intrinsic, but they can also be exogenous. For example, the drug may be natural or semisynthetic (biological drug), or they may be completely synthetic.

DNA and RNA are biological molecules called nucleic acids (Figure 3). Nucleic acids (and proteins) are polymers, or molecules consisting of connecting chains of repetitive molecules. The repeating component is called a monomer. A nucleic acid monomer is a nucleotide consisting of three components, a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base. The phosphate group and deoxyribose are identical in different deoxyribonucleotides, but the DNA contains four different nitrogen-containing bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), guanine (G). These four different nucleotides act as letters in the preservation of the genetic information that is transcribed into mRNA and finally read at the ribosome to produce the protein. All biodiversity in the world is based on words of only 4 letters of life. According to their shape, nitrogen-containing bases can be divided into several categories.