Beginnings of Human Life

DNA self-renewal - Chromosome regeneration allows cell division (mitosis) and produces two new cells identical to the original cells.

Germ cells - go through the process of cell division called meiosis in the ovary and testis - each new cell contains 23 chromosomes (one member in each pair)

A gene is a functional unit of DNA or a part of DNA - 20,000 to 25,000 in a set of chromosomes (only 3% of DNA material)

Provide paired gene and protein production blueprint (body building block)

Alleles of the same gene may have a relationship of dominance-recessive (eye color, curl / straight hair) or codominance (mixed or additive - AB blood type, for example)

Klinefelter's syndrome - genotype: XXY - the most common sex chromosomal abnormality (birth of 2/1000 men) - can not produce sperm, can not develop good genitalia, can not develop woman's body shape during puberty Can be developed

XYY genotype - increased conception rate - perhaps a decrease in intelligence and an increase in height

Human Genome Project - 13 years effort to map chemical bases including all human chromosomes (1990 - 2003)

Little is known about the effects of genes on complex behaviors, but most seem to be polygenic.

It is explosion proof. Intelligence - The combination of gene and product (protein, enzyme) affects intelligence, but the missing product may lead to mental retardation (eg PKU)

Q: When people's behaviors and characteristics differ from person to person, how much is the difference due to genetic influences?

The degree of hereditary - individual differences can be attributed to the fact that they have different genes - if people are different, about a few percent of the variation is due to genetic differences

Differences in traits between identical twins are a measure of the role of the uncommon environment (different environmental inputs)

The similarity between twins beyond the expected impact may be due to shared environment (similar experience)

There are many interacting causal relationships between the physical / molecular level of genetic function and the level of social environment. There is nothing purely inherited

For example. Rat pups stress reactions and mothers (p. 49); Caspi et al. (P.50) - Production of MAOA enzymes interacts with the child rearing environment and affects human aggression; IQ & SES (P.51)

Genes influence behavioral neural activity through protein / enzyme and neural activity, behavior influences the environment and experience, the environment influences the pathway or bound behaviors, changes nerve activity and changes gene activity

Axon terminal, neurotransmitter storage and release, synaptic mediated signaling, neuronal gap

Teratogenic substances - substances causing fetal malformations when ingested or absorbed by the mother during pregnancy

Poverty, academic freedom, domestic violence, unemployment, contact with criminal justice system, adolescent parents

The beginning of life is the most responsible institution to achieve adult satisfaction and social integration. The beginning of life begins with the family system; it depends on the growth of people who may determine the social future of society. * Functionalists see families from the perspective of the universal function that families provide to society. * Through symbolic interactions, families can understand what they can bring to society by studying how to interact with others. * Conflict theory focuses on class conflict or family conflict

Humans are essentially social creatures and they are anxious to keep in close contact with other people. Beginning with a family, human life is interdependent and shared body, mind and spirit. Conflict between society and society is always a major feature of human history, but all society aims to maintain harmony (ensuring the happiness and safety of their members). . Let's build a peaceful and affluent world for all

There is no real record of the beginning of human life and the existence of society that is not characterized by controversy. The recorded human history is recent and can be traced back thousands of years. These include the Hammurabi code written two thousand years ago before Christ. Hammurabi was a great and capable general, able to conquer vast lands. He is also one of the first kings to establish one of the world empires, and rulers also dominate other countries.