Baker v. Carr (1962)

In the Tennessee State Council, the delegate was decided by the law of 1901, it sets the number of members of each county councilor. Urban areas whose population has increased since 1901 are not much expressed. Nashville mayor Mayor Baker raised a lawsuit alleging that the distribution method denies the legal protection of the 14th revision by urban voters. The federal court refused to enter the state government's "political jungle" and this case was appealed to the Supreme Court.

In the 6-2 ruling, the Supreme Court ruled that the federal court has the power to determine the constitutionality of the state voting area.

William B. Brennan, Jr. (Jr.) pointed out that the constitutional rights of plaintiffs were fairly voted and gave them a majority opinion that they gave them the legal rights necessary to make a lawsuit . He believes that this case does not include the "political problem" that hinders the judicial review. He wrote that the court could decide the constitutionality of the country's distribution decision without interfering with Congressional political judgment. The case was returned to the federal court

William Douglas of justice wrote a recommendation. He insisted that if the voters lost the perfect constitutional value of their concessions [voting rights] and Congress failed to take appropriate remedial action, the door of the court must be open to him To do "

In the appeal, Judge John Harlan II asserted that the Federal Equality Protection provision does not preclude "choosing the election law that is deemed to be the most appropriate for the interests, dispositions and customs of the people" did. If the country chooses to "assign voting rights among geographical units rather than allocating voting rights based on population," this choice is "a rational decision of policy and equally respects this court You can do it. "

By insisting that voters can object to the constitutionality of elections in federal courts, Baker v. Carl opened the door to numerous distribution cases for federal courts. One year later, Douglas extended Baker's sentence by establishing the principle of "one person vote" with Gray versus Sanders. In 1964, Wesbury vs. Sanders applied this principle to the federal election and claimed that "as far as possible, one person will vote as much as others in parliamentary elections."

Case assignment is becoming increasingly complex. Since 1993, the Supreme Court has considered various initiatives in state and local design legislation districts to support minority candidates. If the race was the "main factor" of its design, the court invalidated these fields.

One such case was Hunt vs. Cromartie, which was decided in 1999. In 1992, the North Carolina State Council founded a region that links several regions with many black voters. The new district is 160 miles long and some are not wider than the interstate freeway. The Supreme Court decided that the evidence was inadequate to prove that the legislature was motivated racially at the time of drafting the districts, so the case was sent back to the district court.

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When drawing new political districts, the law requires legislators to consider many factors. In 1962, the US Supreme Court (Baker v. Carr 1962) decided that political districts should have roughly the same number of citizens in each region. This keeps the legal principles of each vote, no matter who votes, their vote will be the same as a vote in a completely different region. (Baker v. Carr 1962, Cornell University law school) Congressmen must also consider geographical compactness. This argument is based on the view that people living together are likely to share a common population, class, culture, economic status and so on. (Washington Post, Mr. Christopher Ingraham) Citizens with common characteristics tend to choose those who theoretically focus on their concerns.

The Court held that Baker v. It is necessary to reclassify the state legislature (including the bicameral system parliament) to quote the unjust judgment of Carr (1962) in the state of Tennessee, to reflect changes in the population and increase the urban population It was. . It established the principle of "one person vote" under the Equality Protection clause. Just because someone is limited to vote in another field does not mean that person's right is denied. There is no right to vote in a specific jurisdiction. However, in this case, the complete siege of African-American citizens in a certain area is illegal separation of black citizens and is an obvious breach to the Equality Protection Clause.