Antropologists and The Y-Chromosome Variation

Other genetic markers that anthropologists can use to track the potential immigration history of the Y chromosome variant Native American are single parent genetic material: Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is handed down to all descendants from the mother, and the Y chromosome is handed down to the paternal side. A similar genetic model between mtDNA and Y chromosome allows anthropologists to select markers and determine highly single lines seen in the past, but mtDNA and Y chromosomes, due to gender differences Have rarely the same past or consistent population. the difference

a, divergent distribution of autosomal (blue), X chromosome (red) and Y chromosome (green). b, Distribution of chromosomal variation as shown in the block diagram. The end of the box corresponds to the quartile, the median difference of the standard error, and the vertical line corresponds to the range. X and Y chromosomes are different abnormal values, but there are also high local variations within each autosomal chromosome. Regional differences in differences may reflect regional variations in mutation rates and other evolutionary powers. In the latter, the important force is genetic drift, which, as compared to closely related species, can lead to significant differences in the branching time across the locus, as the orthologue branching time is binomial . Total: t 1: time from seed formation, t 2, ortholog merging time in common ancestral population 37

Chromosome variation in divergence rate Even at the level of the entire chromosome, the change in divergence rate is significant (Fig. 1b). The most striking outliers are sex chromosomes, with an average difference of chromosome Y of 1.9% and an average difference of chromosome X of 0.94%. A possible explanation is that men have a higher mutation rate than females. In fact, by comparing the ratio of the difference between sex chromosomes and autosomes, by modifying the polymorphism of the ancestry as a recent general ancestor (MRCA; see Genome evolution of group information), the male / female mutation rate (Expressed as α) can be compared. '). Depending on the size of the chromosome to be compared and the size of the assumed ancestral population, the estimate of α ranges from 3 to 6 (Supplementary Table S18). This is considerably higher than the recent mouse alpha estimate (~ 1.9) (ref. 17) and addresses recent controversies based on smaller data sets 12, 24, 49, 50

For those who need a brief review of human genetics, both male and female have 46 chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes. Females have two X chromosomes, and men have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. The male Y chromosome causes testicular formation (because the Y chromosome is predominant). This difference in chromosomes also leads to changes in hormones found in the body. For example, women have far higher levels of estrogen and progesterone. And it stimulates the body to produce major minor sexual features (chest, menstruation etc). On the other hand, the level of male testosterone is much higher than that of women. These genetic control factors bring about physiological and physiological differences between men and women, but this is the end of the story.