Analysis of Common Enzymatic Pathways in Gambierdiscus toxicus and Symbiodinium in the TCA Cycle

Background: Dinoflagellate algae are one of the four major types of phytoplankton, photosynthesis, single cells, and oceanic free organisms. Dinoflagellates cause harmful algal bloom (HAB), also known as red tide effect (Hackett et al. 2004). The persistence of toxicity in the upper part of the food chain comes from toxic substances, but not all of these flowers are toxic. Enhanced detection capability may partially aid in observing the high frequency and severity of toxic mass propagation.

The glyoxylic acid shunt pathway is an alternative to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle as it redirects the TCA pathway to prevent complete oxidation of carbon compounds and retains a high energy carbon source as a future energy source. This pathway occurs only in plants and bacteria and occurs in the absence of glucose molecules. The flux of all paths is adjusted by the speed determination step. This is the slowest step in the reaction network. The rate limiting step occurs near the beginning of the path and is adjusted by feedback suppression. This suppresses the overall rate of the final control path. The intracellular metabolic pathway is regulated by covalent or noncovalent modification

The Krebs cycle (KC) or citric acid cycle (CAC) or tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) occurs in the mitochondria and fully oxidizes the fuel molecules (monosaccharides and free fatty acids (FFA)) under aerobic conditions. The ultimate common catabolic route Sir · Hans · Krebs developed the details of the cycle of the 1930s. Two carbons enter the cycle as acetyl-CoA and two carbons exit as CO 2. During this cycle, four redox reactions occur, resulting in reduction potentials in the form of three molecules of NADH and one molecule of FADH2. Also forming high energy phosphate bond (GTP)

Also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is a series of chemical reactions in which all aerobic organisms generate energy by oxidizing acetyl CoA from carbohydrates, fats and proteins to carbon dioxide and chemical energy . A type of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). In addition, this cycle provides precursors for specific amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH for many other biochemical reactions. Its important importance for many biochemical pathways suggests that it may be one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and originated from reproductive organs.