Adult neural stem cells: plasticity and developmental potential.

Stem cells play an important role in the formation and development of embryonic tissue and maintenance of tissue integrity and regeneration through adulthood. Although the ability of stem cells to differentiate in adult tissues has been thought to be limited to cell lines present in organs from which they originate, there is evidence that somatic stem cells can exhibit a wider range of differentiation. Bone marrow stem cells (which can produce muscle, liver cells, and brain cells) and muscle precursor cells have been recorded and they can become blood cells. The adult central nervous system (CNS) has long been thought to be incapable of performing cell regeneration and structural remodeling. Recent studies have shown that neurogenesis occurs in different brain regions, even in postnatal and adult mammals, and that these regions actually contain adult stem cells. These cells can be grown in vivo and in vitro by exposure to different combinations of growth factors and subsequently produce differentiated progeny including the major cell types of the CNS. Paradoxically, adult neural stem cells show wider pluripotency than anticipated because they may differentiate into non-CNS mesoderm derivatives such as blood cells and skeletal muscle cells. We reviewed recent findings and documented this unpredictable plasticity and unexpected developmental potential of somatic stem cells, especially neural stem cells. In order to better introduce these concepts we discuss several basic concepts concerning the functional properties of adult neural stem cells, especially focusing on the new role of the microenvironment in determining and maintaining that particular characteristic .

Neural stem cells are self-renewing and pluripotent cells that produce neurons and glial cells in embryonic and adult brains. In order to study neural stem cells in vitro, the neurosphere cell culture system is convenient, suitable for comparing the properties of neural stem cells obtained from knockout mice, and is easily applicable for effector or drug screening ( Ahmed, 2009; Gage et al., 1995). , 2001; Reynolds and Weiss, 1992). To obtain neural stem cells, we use late embryos in the neonatal brain. Because during this development period, enriched neural stem cells are less contaminated by fully differentiated neurons or glial cells.

Neural stem cells are multipotent adult stem cells present in the adult central nervous system and can self-renew to produce supporting cells called new neurons and glial cells. Activation of neural stem cells or their transplantation into central nervous system injured area leads to regeneration of animal models

Neural stem cells, mainly undifferentiated cells derived from the central nervous system. Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the potential to grow and produce progeny cells that differentiate into neurons and glial cells (nonneuron cells that sequester neurons and increase the rate at which neurons signal signals). Over the years, it has been considered closed system. Even the famous Spanish neuroanatologist Santiago Ramóny Cajal, who received the Nobel Prize for physiology by establishing neurons as the basic cell of the brain in 1906, did not understand the mechanism of neurogenesis in his wonderful career (Nervous organization Formation). In the latter part of the 20th century, brain cell regeneration capability was suggested, with only a few findings found mainly in rats, birds and primates.