2. When is a Bias a Bias? 69 2.1 Understanding Bias: Scope, Sources, and Systematicity 69

Ulrike Hahn * 1, Adam JL Harris * University of London at Birkbeck, Psychology Department - Department of Psychology - University of London Dementia, Perception and Brain Science, London 1: Email address: u .hahn @ bbk.ac.uk

1. Concept of prejudice 42 1 "Prejudice in psychology" 42 2 Concept of statistical prejudice 59 3 Meaning 68

3. Measurement bias: importance of optimal model 76 1 Bayes belief correction 77 2 normative prediction and experimental intuitive difference 79 3 experimental proof of Bayesian and motivational reasoning 85

This chapter focuses on the early studies of psychology, detailed quantitative verification of the belief correction of the 1960s, the heuristic and prejudice scheme initiated by Kahneman and Tversky, biased personality and society of human cognitive bias studies I will explain the historical outline. Psychological study The concept of various "deviations" are identified and compared with the concept of statistical deviation, machine learning, and signal detection theory. Comparison with a normative model forms the basis for critical judgment of evidence that people succumb to motivational reasoning with the aim of "making people believe what they want to believe".

Learning and Motivation Psychology, Vol. 61 # 2014 Elsevier Inc. ISSN 0079-7421. all rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800283-4.00002-2

1.1. "Comparison in psychology" has not done a thorough historical analysis more than we are pleased (or possible).

Prejudice is inclined or bent, pointing to a view or reaction with spiritual life. Consciously, prejudice is a point of view, and in action, it is a gesture, set, precise action in a definite sense, reflection or judgment. Prejudice is a prejudice that may appear in attitudes - expectations - thoughts and emotions about public behavior and behavior. In many cases, the tendency to decide is to act unconsciously. In other words, individuals do not recognize the motivation to be basically responsible for their ideas and actions. (P.211)

. Selective attention to working under the guidance of our organic interests affects the materials and processes of the external world. I forget if the element is obscured. In many cases, the observer of the event does not recognize the description of this recast result. Therefore, the existence of subjective prejudice is not a coincidence error in our observation but a basis of human thought. I can only imagine eliminating it with absolute calm consciousness without feelings and purpose.

This general prejudice arises from the fact that at any moment in our experience, certain interests are temporarily most important and determine the remarkable objectives and explanations from which they can be obtained. (Page 99)

1.1.2 1960's: Confirmation of deviations in Walson's rule induction considering the range of bias of various types suggested by early psychology

Confirmation bias, also known as confirmation bias or bias bias, tends to retrieve, interpret, support, and recall information in such a way as to confirm an individual's existing belief or hypothesis. It is a systematic error of cognitive bias and induction reasoning. People show this prejudice when people selectively gather or remember information, or when interpreting information in a biased way. This effect is even greater due to emotional problems and deep beliefs. * You can find links to a series of studies to prove the existence of confirmatory bias.

In psychology, attribution bias or attribution bias is a cognitive bias that refers to systematic errors that occur when people try to evaluate or search for reasons of themselves or other people. People will continuously evaluate themselves and other people's behavior, but the attribution does not necessarily accurately reflect the reality. People tend not to act as objective perceptors but to perceive errors and lead to prejudice against their social world. The attribution bias was first debated in the 1950s and 1960s by psychologists such as Fritz Heider who studied attribution theory. Other psychologists such as Harold Kelly and Ed Jones extended Hyder 's early work by identifying conditions that people could possibly have more or less different types of attribution.